The first character specifies the target user or user group. The symbolic mode format consists of three characters. Below are tables that can help you identify which is which. A symbolic syntax is easier to use especially once you get familiarized with it. You can use either su or sudo.įurthermore, the mode can be specified in two ways: symbolic or octal. You only need it when you’re working with things outside your account. To change file permissions, you need the chmod command, which stands for “change the mode.” The command syntax is: chmod mode filename.Ĭhanging file permissions of the files and folders you own doesn’t require root user privileges. The best way to do that is by using the chmod command. Now that we know how to view file permissions, let’s try changing them. If among the three characters is a -, It means it does not apply, meaning the user group it belongs to doesn’t have the permission to perform that kind of action. execute – allows to run or copy a specified file or directory.write – allows to change or delete a specified file or directory.read – allows to view content of the specified file or directory.Others – the last three are for anyone else with access to the computer.įurthermore, the three characters in each group represents level of access.Group – the next three characters are for a group of users.User – the first three characters represent the permissions for the owner of the file.These groups refer to the user types the permissions are applied to. The remaining nine are actually three groups of three characters. A - means that the item is a file while a d means that it is a directory. The first character stands for the file type, while the following nine is the access type for different user groups. The file permissions syntax is composed of 10 characters. The file permissions can be seen in front of each item. With this command, you should see the list of all the files and directories on your current location. It’s simply a list command with a -l switch. To view the file permissions of the files inside your current directory, enter the command ls -l. Now that we’re familiar with superuser and how to access it via su and sudo, let’s move on to the file level. Once authenticated, you can enjoy the target user’s privileges without having to enter the command again in every action. But instead of asking for the specified user’s password, it asks for yours. Just like su, it prompts you with a password for authentication. On the other hand, you can use sudo or “super user do” to perform actions as the root user. Then, to exit the shell, simply enter exit on the terminal. Once logged in, you enter a temporary shell with that user’s privileges. Please take note that to change to the specified user, you need to enter their password first. Additionally, you can include a - before entering the username to take the user settings and the privileges. If used without a specified username, su assumes root user. Su and Sudoįirstly, the su command stands for “substitute user.” When executed, it lets you do things in the command line with the privileges of another user. The best way to do this is to gain root user access through the su and sudo commands. However, at times, you’ll need to change something that affects the whole computer. The account privileges of pi are usually enough to work with basic tasks. On the Raspberry Pi OS, you are logged in as a user named “pi” by default. It’s called the root user or the superuser. You can create many users on a Linux system, but there will always be a special user that has administrative access to all files and directories. In this article, we will see how to set those permissions on files using a Raspberry Pi. As a security mechanism, Linux implements file access permissions to control who can read, write, and execute a particular file or directory. Unfortunately, this invites the risk of having unwanted users and malicious software. It is a modified version of the Debian Linux distribution, which has a multi-user nature. The Raspberry Pi OS, known before as Raspbian, is the Raspberry Pi’s official operating system.
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